The following article was copied verbatim from:http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/articles961323.eceFrom Times Online December 18, 2009Deep-sea volcano erupts 4,000ft under the PacificSophie Tedmanson in SydneyScientists have filmed a volcanic eruption 4,000ft (1,220m) under the sea causing molten lava to flow across the deep ocean floor.The incredible footage, recorded by a submersible robot, shows the exact moment that a deep-sea volcano erupts from the ocean floor, sending an explosion of bright red lava bubbles and plumes of smoke-like sulphur through the water.The eruption of the West Mata volcano was filmed by US scientists in May during an underwater expedition south of Samoa. It is the deepest erupting volcano to be discovered.“It was an underwater Fourth of July,” said Bob Embley, a marine geologist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which ran the expedition with the US National Science Foundation.“Since the water pressure at that depth suppresses the violence of the volcano’s explosions, we could get the underwater robot within feet of the active eruption.”The lava froze almost instantly as it hit the cold sea water, causing black rock to sink to the sea floor. The robot hovered near the blasts, collecting lava samples and recording the explosive noises as they rocked the seabed.Scientists, who have tried for 25 years to capture an underwater eruption, hope that the images, data and samples obtained from the mission will shed new light on how the earth’s crust was formed. The research could also help to explain how some sea creatures survive and thrive in extreme environments and how the earth behaves when tectonic plates collide.The mission's chief scientist, Joseph Resing, last year detected volcanic material in the water near the West Mata volcano, about 140 miles southwest of Samoa. In May researchers arrived with a submersible robot called Jason.“When we got there we put the sub down and within, in an hour and a half, we found an eruption there in its full glory,” said Mr Resing, who is a chemical oceanographer at the University of Washington. “We haven’t seen this before. And now, for the very first time, we see molten lava flowing on the sea floor.”He said that they had found a type of lava never before seen erupting from an active volcano.The West Mata volcano is producing Boninite lavas, believed to be among the hottest lava on Earth in modern times and a type only seen before on extinct volcanoes older than a million years.“It’s surprising to find because we haven’t seen this before,” he said. “And you see the explosion and bubbles and the sea floor just opens up and suddenly – boom! It’s bright red. It’s just beautiful.”The expedition also found that water from the volcano was very acidic — somewhere between battery acid and stomach acid. Shrimp were the only life thriving near the eruption.According to the scientists, 80 per cent of eruptive activity on Earth takes place in the ocean and most volcanoes are in the deep ocean.Your CommentsRichard Oldfield wrote:...and all this time I thought I'd caused the increase in ocean acidity by leaving my TV on standby!Andy Duffield wrote:@Krzysztof WasilewskiI agree with you entirely - if makes no sense.Fossil fuels are finite - surely it would serve us better to change now (while we still have our existing fuel supplies) than wait until we have to change.Charles Edwards wrote:People who have a vested interest in pushing are global warming are rich and powerful and have a vested interest in doing do?What, richer than Exxon, BP, Shell, Saudi Arabia? More powerful in their ability to damage the world economy?Whats so hard about the concept that if you burn billions of tonnes of coal, oil and gas that it might have some effect and that it might possibly be negative? Or is the belief that it all magically disappears, so underwater volcanoes must be the culprits?Krzysztof Wasilewski wrote:I can't understand climat-change sceptics. What's wrong with switching from energy of today, full of stinky by-products in the form of suffocating us, unhealthy exhaustion fumes to an energy of the future - the clean one and environment friendly?Peter Lloyd wrote:Ian Plimer pointed out the huge contribution undersea volcanic vents make to the overall global CO2 balance in his recent book "Heaven and Earth". Reviewers rubbished his book on this account because 'scientists had proved' (!) that 'volcanos' only made a marginal contribution to CO2 levels.If the reviewers (like Bob Ward in The Times) had actually read the book, they would have found out that Plimer was talking about undersea volcanic vents, whereas the ubiquitous 'scientists say' crowd had only taken land volcanos into account.Richard Morris wrote:ANTHONY MUDDIMANI'm not surprised that you got rebuked. The people who have a vested interest in pushing this fairy-tale about global warming are very rich and powerful and want to get more so.If you have any doubts about what the truth is, go to YouTube and search for "Bob Carter global warming". It is very revealing, common sense and support our own experience.ANTHONY MUDDIMAN wrote:Yesterday I got rebuked when I said CO2 was not the cause of Coral reef depletion.I compared the action of common salt on soda water releasing CO2.This one simple experiment shows that sea water suppresses the solubility of CO2.Every time you have a fizzy drink you swallow Carbonic Acid,one of the weakest acids known,which is CO2 dissolved in water.The warmer the sea the less CO2 is in solution,in any case most CO2 in the oceans comes from Volcanoes and all lifeforms,dead or alive.The Sulphuric Acid etc from seabed volcanoes dissolves Coral easily,sedimentary rock being the end product.Plankton is the engine mainly in the very top couple of centimetres of Oceans that initiates life by devouring CO2 and it cannot get enough.Nothing is wasted in Nature and even Volcanoes with their corrosive products do good.As David Attenborough has shown in his excellent Nature programs,some lifeforms adapt to even these acidic conditions.Ed J wrote:"The expedition also found that water from the volcano was very acidic — somewhere between battery acid and stomach acid."Oh dear! I thought that was all the fault of CO2 emissions! At least we will still have shrimps - but there again, they aren't supposed to be able to survive in a very slightly acidic ocean, are they?Volcanoes contribute more to CO2 in the atmosphere and acidity in the oceans that we will ever do!M P wrote:What a fantastic site.Alan Rex wrote:If this is such big news how come it took seven months to make it into the paper?Cecil Soans wrote:Cancel Copenhagen - if its not too late.Darren G wrote:I guess this is the developed world's fault and we will now have to pay £200bn a year to stop this natural occurrance ever happening again...ipf meiklejohn wrote:Little wonder that the oceans are getting acidic - and they were blaming the puny amount of nan-made CO2.

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  • The CO2 released by the eruptions of deep sea volcanoes does not escape into the atmosphere for the most part, because of the immense pressure of the deep ocean and the different layers of water through which the gas is unable to rise to the surface. [In Africa, some lakes that are close to volcanoes, keep the gases trapped safely at the bottom unless there is a huge disturbance like a large land slide into the lake. Then some of the CO2 gases are released, spread out close to the ground, (since the CO2 coming from the lake bottom is more dense than oxygen,) and kill thousands of people for miles around.] And oceans are much, much, deeper.

    Without volcanoes there would be no life on this planet. Much of the fossil fuels we are now burning, (produced from long dead animals and plants), had been locked in the ground in the form of oil, natural gas, coal, . The animals used the CO2 in the atmosphere to form their shells, clearing it from the ocean. They were harmlessly buried until we discovered the result of this process. During periods of high CO2 levels, plants life grew quicker and larger by making use of the abundance of CO2. They effectively worked to clear the air from any naturally occurring CO2. And they also were harmlessly buried deep in the earth. The coal, gas and oil were produced over billions of years from trillions of living things. They effectively scrubbed the air and oceans of billions of years worth of CO2 and buried it in the ocean.And we are releasing these fuels, the result of billions of years of eliminating Co2 from the air and oceans, back into the atmosphere in a fraction of the time.

    There are reports and account of homes in Scandinavian countries, where it is cold and overcast over half the year, that use solar energy in their homes. Even in these locations, solar energy is efficient enough to provide all their energy needs with some left over. The main reason that solar energy isn't in widespread use is because the corporations haven't figured out how they can charge for the use of the sun.

    The volcanic vents in the deep ocean, in spite of steaming water temperature and acidic water, are well springs of life, a diversity of life, not just shrimp. The bacteria has developed a way to create simple sugars from the chemicals coming from the volcanic vents, just like plants make simple sugars from photosynthesis.

    Not all volcanoes on earth's surface produce large quantities of CO2 and sulphur gases when they erupt. It is mainly the strata volcanoes and the super volcanoes. Volcanoes of the type on the large island of Hawaii, release most gases into the earth before they erupt into the atmosphere.

    Earth has been much colder and much hotter in the past. The type and amount of gases in the atmosphere has varied over the 4.53 billion years of Earth's existence. It has survived asteroid and comet strikes. It has recovered from super volcanoes, earthquakes and tsunamis. So it is true that the Earth will be fine in spite of our releasing a billion years worth of CO2 in decades, destroying the forests that clear the air, polluting the oceans, eliminating thousands of species, and disrupting the delicate balance of nature for our own instant gratification.

    The Earth does not need humanity to save it. But we do need the Earth...and we need it to retain the type of environment, atmosphere, and temperature in which we have evolved. It's not really the Earth that we are trying to save. We are concerned with saving ourselves, without being inconvenienced.

    Our behavior, apathy, denials and justifications demonstrate that we have an attitude of supreme entitlement. We take whatever we want, destroy whatever is inconvenient, discount the land and its creatures which have supported our existence and laid the groundwork for our evolution.We justify the destruction we cause by claiming that we are spiritually and intellectually superior. And we continue in our efforts to find new ways to rape the earth and its creatures while avoiding the consequences of our action.

    If we can not expand our perception, deepen our awareness, develop respect and wonder for all forms of life, nature, and the lessons they have to teach us, then we will continue to behave as rapists rather than guardians of our planet home and the creatures that also have the right and reason to reside here.

    If we refuse to acknowledge the need for change, then perhaps it is time for another species to assume the gift and responsibility of acting guardian of the planet. We are on the verge of overstaying our welcome.

    Lauren Kennedy
    • Lauren, I'm quite moved by your words of profound wisdom, as well as by your compassion for the Earth, our home.

      The Earth, just like the seasons in a year, and like any other living being in this universe, exists in cycles spanning from millliseconds to billions of years.

      At this point in time, the Earth is overloaded way beyond capacity with the un-natural toxins that humans have been dumping in/on Her delicate body; and at present is forcefully purging Herself -- so that we humans may hopefully learn our lessons, start afresh, and live here at peace with each other and all creatures, forever more.
      Years Austria
      Years - die Jahre im Lauf der Jahreszeiten. Winter fun
      • Jazmin,

        It is people like yourself that contribute greatly to a favorable outcome for humanity: Will we rise to the occasion or continue to pursue the agenda of justification, self righteousness and denial, fueled by our inner fear.

        Thank you,

        Lauren
  • That's why Tuvalu is sinking it is not cos the sea is rising!
    • It's very hard to accept the tragic truth most of the time; but you're quite right...
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